WEEK 7 (4/4 - 10/4)

On week 7, I updated all the findings in excel workbook including from week 6 work. These are the findings that I presented:

9	Effect of fertigation with potassium and nitrogen on gas exchange and biomass accumulation in eggplant	Álvaro Henrique Cândido de Souza, Roberto Rezende, Marcelo Zolin Lorenzoni, Fernando André Silva Santos, André Maller	To evaluate the effect of fertigation with K and N on gas exchange and biomass accumulation, in eggplant cultivated under greenhouse conditions.	For eggplant cultivation, the ideal temperature is 20-35 ºC (Ribeiro 2007). in a factorial scheme with four doses of N (0 kg ha-1, 67 kg ha-1, 134 kg ha-1 and 268 kg ha-1) and four doses of K (0 kg ha-1, 54 kg ha-1, 108 kg ha-1 and 216 kg ha-1), with four replicates, totaling 64 experimental units. The unit was represented by a pot with volumetric capacity of 25 L. Pots were filled with soil classified as Dystrophic Red Latosol (Oxisol) (Embrapa 2013). Fertilizers were applied at the 1-2nd (3.45 % of the total dose), 3-4th (5.17 %), 5-10th (8.62 %) and 11-16th (5.17 %) week.	1.Biomass accumulation is more affected by nitrogen than by potassium fertilization; 2. There is an interaction between nitrogen and potassium doses for net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration and instantaneous carboxylation, and the highest values are found with 125-185 kg ha-1 of K and 268 kg ha-1 of N; 3. The internal concentration of CO2 is significantly affected by potassium doses, while the water-use efficiency is affected by nitrogen doses.	The EC of eggplant are not stated in this research.
10	Response of eggplant crop fertigated with doses of nitrogen and potassium	Álvaro H. C. de Souza, Roberto Rezende, Marcelo Z. Lorenzoni, Cássio de C. Seron, Tiago L. Hachmann & Cláudia S. Lozano	To evaluate the response of eggplant, cv. ‘Ciça’, with respect to yield, number of fruits and dry matter (root and stem), when grown in a greenhouse and conducted under fertigation with nitrogen and potassium.	Transplantation occurred when the seedlings had five to six true leaves, and one seedling was transplanted to each pot. The pots (volume of 25 L), filled with 25 kg of dry soil (dystrophic Red Latosol) with sandy texture. The first fertigation was performed at seven days after transplantation (DAT) (April 16, 2015). In the 1st and 2nd weeks, a dose corresponding to 6.90% of the total (3.45% per week) was applied. Between the 3rd and 4th weeks, 10.34% of the total (5.17% per week) was applied. Between the 5th and 10th weeks, 51.72% of the total (8.62% per week) was applied. Between the 11th and 16th weeks, 31.02% (5.17% per week) was applied. Harvest started at 100 DAT and extended to 137 DAT. Evaluating only fruits longer than 14 cm, a length defined as commercial standard (Luengo et al., 1999).	In eggplant cultivation, the ideal daytime temperature is between 25 and 35 ºC and night-time temperature between 20 and 27 ºC (Ribeiro, 2007). 1. The maximum number of fruits plant-1 and yield were obtained between 14.0 and 17.0 g of N plant-1 (145 to 177 kg of N ha-1). 2. Nitrogen doses higher than 15.03 and 14.04 g plant-1 can reduce yield and number of fruits plant-1, respectively. 3. The isolated application of potassium doses (0 to 20.73 g of K plant-1 did not cause significant differences in yield or root dry matter.	The EC of eggplant are not stated in this research.
11	Growing eggplant in home gardens	Cindy Tong	An article regarding how to grow an eggplant in home gardens	Eggplant needs warm conditions and will not thrive during a cool season. A soil pH between 5.5 and 7.5 is best. Start eggplant seeds about eight weeks before planting outside.	No result and analysis.	A website from University of Minnesota Extension that is not a research paper, but an article published on 2018.
12	A fertigation management app for greenhouse vegetable crops	A. Pérez-Castro, J.A. Sánchez-Molina, M. Castilla, J. Sánchez-Moreno,J.C. Moreno-Úbeda, J.J. Magán	To develop a mobile app, using Android Studio software, that helps to calculate the amounts of fertilizers and irrigation to be supplied to the most important crop types.	App using Android Studio 2.1., constructed using Google’s free Android Software Development Kit (SDK). A persistent database was included using SQLite. The systems are composed of a programmable unit (a computer or a controller), injection pumps or venturi flow meters, mixing tanks (normally 3 tanks, but there are multiple configurations; in this app they have been limited to 12), which allows one to separate the different fertilizers thus avoiding incompatibility problems, a tank for nitric acid to control the pH and different sensors that help the equipment work better (pH, flow and EC), and elements that contribute to the irrigation amount decision (evapo transpiration models, demand tray, evaporation tank, etc.). Fertigation process sets the desired EC and pH values and the percentage of each fertigation tank used; this is obtained from the optimal configuration decided for the farmer.	cFertigUAL offers several further advantages such as the configuration of different fertigation systems as a function of the system complexity, the possibility of generating a database for irrigation water, drainage and soil analyses, the introduction and storage of different optimal mixed solutions for each crop and the estimation of the water needed to be replaced by irrigation.	The crops used was not mentioned in the research.
13	Design and Build a Soil Nutrient Measurement Tool for Citrus Plants Using NPK Soil Sensors Based on the Internet of Things	Haristian Pratama, Amsar Yunan, Rudi Arif Candra	To monitor nutrients of soil using NPK sensors for citrus plants	Hardware and software used are NodeMCU, NPK Soil Sensor, Jumper Cable, MAX485 TTL to RS-485, Thingspeak. The tool system circuit consists of 3 circuits: the input section, the control section, and the output section. The input section consists of an NPK sensor that detects nutrients in the soil they want to plant citrus plants. The control section consists of Nodemcu, which controls the entire circuit to work optimally. The output section consists of the Thingspeak Web, which displays detection data from sensors sent by nodemcu via API key as the address registered in the program and the Thingspeak account channel.	The NPK sensor will measure the nutrients in the soil for citrus seedlings, and the results read by the NPK sensor will be sent to the Thingspeak web, making it easier for farmers to seed citrus seeds. The data read by the sensor will be sent to thingspeak, making it easier to monitor nutrients in the soil. The nutrient content in wet soil is higher than in dry soil.	The data of resulted research was not displayed.
14	Effect of nutrient management on yield parameters of okra	Ashish Kumar, A S Choudhary, Shani Raj, Nishant Ghode, and Shivam Sahu	To study the effect of nutrient management on yield parameters of okra	Consisted of 7 treatments viz. (Randomized Block Design with three replications) T1: Control (No NPK), T2: 100:60:50 kg NPK ha-1 through Urea, SSP and MOP, T3: 5.0 MT Vermicompost ha-1, T4: 10.0 MT FYM ha-1, T5: 50:30:25 kg NPK ha-1 through Urea, SSP and MOP + 2.5 MT Vermicompost ha-1, T6: 50:30:25 kg NPK ha-1 through Urea, SSP and MOP + 5 MT FYM ha-1, T7: 25:15:12.5 kg NPK ha-1 through Urea, SSP and MOP + 1.875 MT Vermicompost ha-1 + 3.75 MT FYM ha-1. Fertilizer dose of 100:60:50 kg NPK ha-1 was applied to the okra crop. The full dose of FYM, Vermicompost, P, K and half dose of N at the time of Sowing and the remaining half dose of N according to the treatments. Nitrogen was supplied through urea containing 46 per cent nitrogen, while phosphorus and potash were supplied through single super phosphate and mutate of potash containing 16 per cent P2O5 and 60 per cent K2O, respectively. Two healthy seeds dibbled 1-2 cm deep maintaining uniform distance 50 x 30 cm in flat beds. The seed rate of okra in rainy season was 12-15 kg ha-1. An effort was made to maintain a uniform population per bed. First weeding and - after 25 days of sowing and two weeding and hoeing- after 35 and 45 days of sowing.	Treatment T2 (100:60:50 kg NPK ha-1 through Urea, SSP and MOP) stand first in position and T3 (5.0 MT Vermicompost ha-1) stand in second order of preference. However, treatment T4 (10.0 MT FYM ha-1) comes in next in order. There for it may be concluded that treatment T5 (50:30:25 kg NPK ha-1 through Urea, SSP and MOP + 2.5 MT Vermicompost ha-1) may be prefer for integrated nutrient management in okra.	The research does not state the growth condition of the okra.
15	Effect of nutrient management on growth parameters of okra	Aaradhana Sonwani, A S Choudhary, Shani Raj, Ankit Paswan, Pooja Sonloi	To evaluate the influence of Impact of nutrient management on green pod yield and cost ratio of okra.	8 treatments viz. (Randomized Block Design with three replications) T1 : 100% NPK, T2 : 75% NPK + Vermicompost + PSB, T3 : 75% NPK + Vermicompost + Azotobactor, T4 : 50% NPK + Vermicompost + Azotobactor + PSB, T5 : 75% NPK + FYM + PSB, T6 : 75% NPK + FYM + Azotobactor, T7 : 50% NPK + FYM + Azotobactor + PSB and T7 : Control Plot. The recommended fertilizer dose of 100:50:50 kg NPK ha-1 was applied to the okra crop. The full dose of FYM, Vermicompost, P, K and half dose of N at the time of Sowing and the remaining half dose of N according to the treatments. Nitrogen was supplied through urea containing 46 per cent nitrogen, while phosphorus and potash were supplied through single super phosphate and murate of potash containing 16 per cent P2O5 and 60 per cent K2O, respectively. First weeding and hoeing-after 25 days of sowing and two weeding and hoeing-after 35 and 45 days of sowing. To protect the crop from insect pests mainly Jassids, borers and whitefly, spray of pesticides were done as and when needed. The fruits were picked manually when they were green, tender and at marketable size. The picked fruits were weighed and subjected to other observations immediately, after each picking.	Treatment T1 100% NPK + PSB + Azotobactor stand first in position and T3 75% NPK + Vermicompost + Azotobactor stand in second order of preference. However, treatment T2 75% NPK + Vermicompost + PSB comes in next in order.	The research does not state the growth condition of the okra.
16	Phase Characterization of Cucumber Growth: A Chemical Gel Model	Bo Li Xuejing Liu, and Junshi Zhang	To study the Characterization of Cucumber Growth: A Chemical Gel Model	They model the growth of the cucumber before harvest as a process of swelling in a cylindrical gel. By using the Chemomechanical model, they calculate the forces that ripened and swells the cucumber. At the end they come up that in cucumber growth there is no external forces applied to the biological entity, therefore model growth of the cucumber as an isotopic free swelling process of the gel.	In summary, the growth of cucumber is analogous to the swelling of gel. characterize the phenomena of cucumber growth, covering the processes of both preharvest and postharvest, by establishing a thermodynamic gel model.	The research does not focus in agriculture but biologically instead.
17	Effect of Various Shading Methods on Cucumber Growth and Yield Production	Talreb R. Abu Zahra and Mazen A.Ateyyat	To compare the traditional plastic houses’ shading methods with the innovation Green Shadow 1 “GS1” to discover the best shading method for cucumber growth, yield, quality, and pest injuries under the Jordan Valley conditions.	The climate at study area is hot and dry during summer and warm and rainy in winter. Twelve plastic houses were used for each treatment. Four shading treatments applied: Green Shadow 1 (GS1; 1L/ 10 L water); Whitewash (Calcium Carbonate; 1 kg/10L water), mud and control (no shading). GS1 and whitewash were sprayed using a pressure pump and waterspout over the three plastic houses’ cover. Mud treatment applied by dissolving a clay soil collected from the farm area in tap water and dispersed by hand over the three plastic houses. The control plastics were kept without any covering. The four treatments conducted in randomized complete block design with three replicates.	The study shows that the types of shading treatments used influences plastic cover permeability. Best results of vegetative growth and fruit weight obtained by GS1 treatment as it produces highest vegetative growth and improved fruit freshness and dry weight. Highest fruit yield was obtained by whitewash treatment. GS1 and control treatment resulted in maintained fruit quality. However, the control treatment delayed flowering, decreased the production period and increased the mite infection percentages. But shows a positive in the temperature, fruit freshness and dry weight.	The research does not help in findings the optimum parameters in growing the cucumber.
18	LoRa Network Based Multi-Wireless Sensor Nodes and LoRa Gateway for Agriculture Application	Wanchalerm Chanwattanapong, Supaset Junon, Suthat Hongdumnuen, Pubet Sangmahamad, Boonyarit Kumkhet	To develop a prototype of LoRA for agricultrure application.	Consists of three parts where first one is LoRa network design that consisted of multi LoRa wireless environment sensors node and single LoRa gateway. Second main part is wireless environment sensor node design which describes only the structure of each sensor node. The third main part presents the design of the LoRa gateway with Raspberry Pi. Hardware section where all the sensors transmitted data to Raspberry Pi then send to central processing data to LoRa gateway and then to the cloud storage with 2.4 GHz of Wi-Fi frequency band. For software, the LoRa using Arduino IDE while Raspberry Pi using Rasbian OS. Cloud storage ChirpStack LoraWAN Network Server served as opensource platform cloud storage. Grafana Dashboard represent graphics environmental data monitor and analysis.	From experimental show that, the proposed LoRa network properly operation with longest wireless distance of 600 meters. Furthermore, the environment data of LoRa wireless sensor node has validated environment data of LoRa node with standard instrument. The results of single soil moisture sensor which three different in soil depth indicated that all measurement error was less than 9%. Additionally, the LoRa gateway capable work with two mode, first environment data self-storage and second, environmental data transfer to cloud storage via wireless communication network.	The circuit configuration is not shown.
19	Smart Precision Agriculture using LORA and WeIO Interface	A. Thilagavathy, T.Ramesh, S.Selvi, P.Kavitha	To develop a Smart Precision Agriculture using LORA and WeIO Interface	Monitoring agricultural parameters such as temperature, humidity and so on. Software used in this project are WeIO IDE, Thingspeak, Cloud platform, Python JS and Mobile Application.	The results only show the proposed model cost which arounds 15,000 INR to 20,000 INR with all the monitoring factors and enabling the user to interact and trigger actions from his mobile device on the field even if the farmer is far away from the field, feasible and cost effective.	The project is only proposed but have no evaluation on the data results.
20	IoT based Smart Agriculture using Thingspeak	Miss. Bhagyashree A. Tapakire, Dr. Manasi M. Patil	To improve the efficiency of the existing irrigation system and to reduce the human intervention for the complete automation of the system.	The proposed system consists of raspberry pi, various sensors, a pi camera, and a motor driver. Raspberry pi is the main controlling unit that can control the operation of various sensors and actuators. The soil moisture sensor detects the moisture level in the soil and irrigates the crop in a controlled manner. If there is any variation in moisture level, then the sensor will update the observed value and store in the cloud. In a smart monitoring system, the pi camera captures the video and transfers it to the cloud through raspberry pi. Here Pi camera is used to provide live video streaming. All this sensor data is stored in a ThingSpeak cloud. So that we can view it from a remote location using ThingView Free mobile android application. All this sensor data we can also view on the telegram application using bot API.	The smart irrigation system proves to be useful as it regulates the watering without any manual intervention. The moisture sensors and temperature sensors measure the moisture level (water content) and temperature at a different location on the farm. If the moisture level is found to be below the desired level, the moisture sensor sends the signal to the Raspberry Pi which triggers the water pump to turn ON and supply the water to plant using the mobile   application. All this sensor value is sent to ThingSpeak cloud. So that we can fetch it using the ThingSpeak tool or ThingView free application on the mobile phone. ThingView Free and Telegram application allow us to see all this sensor data on the mobile phone from a remote location.	The project does not mention the limitation of the wireless sensors and microcontroller.
21	Growing cucumbers in home gardens	Vincent J. Fritz and Carl J. Rosen	An article regarding how to grow a cucumber in home gardens	Cucumber needs warm conditions and will not thrive during a cool season. A soil pH between 6.0 and 6.5 is best. Direct seeding is the best way, plant it indoors as cold soil will not grow well. Start in peat pots and plant directly to the soil by not damaging the tap roots.	No result and analysis.	A website from University of Minnesota Extension that is not a research paper, but an article published on 2018.

From the findings, I get to know the characteristics of eggplant where:

• Needs warm seasons, optimal temperature 25 Celsius to 35 Celsius.
• Need soil pH between 5.5 and 7.5.
• Start eggplant seeds about 8 weeks before planting outside.
• Fertigation process:
0. 7 Days After Transplant (DAT), 1st & 2nd weeks, a dose corresponding to 6.90% of totals (3.45% per week).
1. 3rd & 4th weeks, a dose corresponding to 10.34% of totals (5.17% per week).
2. 5th & 10th weeks, a dose corresponding to 51..72% of totals (8.62% per week).
3. 11th & 16th weeks, a dose corresponding to 31..02% of totals (5.17% per week).
• Harvest started at 100 DAT and extended to 137 DAT.
• Fruits only longer than 14 cm considered as commercial standard.
• Maximum number of fruits obtained when; 145 to 177 kg of N ha-1.

Furthermore, the findings also help in the hardware and software that will be used in the project where:

• NPK sensors measure the nutrients of soil.
• Website such as Thingspeak.
• The fundamentals of working principle of fertigation system, such as the mixing tank and valve.

The next task list is to produce block diagram, flow chart and circuit diagram.